從日本核危機吸取教訓
Lesson from the Fukushima Nuclear Crisis
註: 以下內容, 純屬作者一般個人意見,不能視為有法律約束力之專業意見,凡涉及如投資、法律、會計、建築或醫療等受法律規管行業之專業問題,如有疑問請自行向具專業操守 之相關專業顧問或從業員查 詢
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目 錄
1. 災難令人性最光輝及最陰暗的一面表露無遺 2. 評論極端 皆以偏概全 3. 施援該量力好仁不好學 其弊也愚 4. 風險管理豈止於B計劃 5. 天災雖難測,但人禍自有因緣 6. 人禍甚於天災,中國自知而不能自拔 7. 先有成見之肯定或否定皆為虛妄 8. 神話由難以置信而生 亦從難以置信而滅 9. 只看表像難知真相 |
-18/3/2011
中國人有句古語說:「患難見真情」,西諺則更坦白,說災難令人
性最光
輝及最陰暗的一面表露無遺(Disasters bring out the best and the worst in
people),311的日本地震如是,518四川汶川地震如是,無論國家民族,只要不存偏見,都能見到人性的兩面,問題是從比例多寡能約略看到民眾的綜
合素質,平情而論,中日兩國國民在不測天災前之總體表現皆令人敬佩,看福島核電廠的五十死士及部份向家人留下的訊息,大有
「風蕭蕭兮易水
寒,壯士一去兮不復還」的氣慨,撇除個人民族間過往之恩怨感情因素,單就此行為而言,能不令人動容。如果一個民族仍有願意為其他族人生存而甘願犧牲的死
士,這個民族和文化才有繼續生存的主觀條件,老樸衷心希望五十壯士及往後陸續加入之勇士能成功控制危機,令他們不致白白犧牲。中華民族之歷史更為悠久,民
族出現危急存亡的關鍵時刻更多,亦是因為不少具有同樣勇氣之壯士前赴後繼而得以延續至今,唯有帶著有色眼鏡看世事之人士,才會故意專挑其中極端之一面來以
偏概全,給予只有單一傾向的褒辭或貶辭,其中有存心欺世之聰明人,亦有為堅持原有盲目信念而自我欺騙之傻瓜,在今次災難事件中,可謂一一盡現。
事發之初,日本人之民族優點最為突出,災難後仍然秩序井然,亦不少互相扶持甚至捨命救人的例子,但隨時間過去,日本民族之弱點亦開始曝露,日本戰後表面上
經過美國文化的改造,亦在各方面用上西方體制,但傳統仍是根深蒂固,是一直奉行尊卑地位有別的社會,但有異於階級分明的層級社會
(hierarchical
society),一切建基於無形之傳統及個人之服從和克己上;下級不敢輕易挑戰上級權威,凡事逆來順受,服從被視為美德,抑壓情感被視作堅強,傳媒亦自
動配合,不會如歐美香港般之同業刻意發放煽情內容,所以鏡頭下只有掩面飲泣的劫後餘生者,卻很難找到悲慟大哭的災民,只有靜靜等待救援的人士,沒有大吵大
嚷向傳媒提出控訴的苦主,市面井井有條,人人自律,靜待政府安排處理,可是當政府未能有效進行救援時,自發的自救行動便顯然非常缺乏,最令人失望是核電站
高層管理及政府官員,欲蓋彌彰,優悠寡斷,一再錯失及早控制危機的機會,終至一發不可收拾。
日本文化,不少源自唐朝,但唐朝相對開放,類似日本般尊卑有序之權威社會,是宋明之後才深化,清朝則達到巔峰,目的是保持少數民族對大多數人的統治,如果
管理階層英明神武,組織及決斷能力高強,便能集合民眾力量成就大業,但一旦窩囊,便禍國殃民,清末民國以後,敢把皇帝拉下馬的思想再度興起,中間又再經幾
次反覆,如今國民基本已不再盲信魅力領袖,只看表現,所以日本社會的現狀,應和唐朝文化無關,而與其本土傳統關係密切,例如萬世一系之天皇,地位近似的有
泰皇,西方已難有相匹配之例子,英皇早已轉化為一個英國傳統文化的推廣宣傳像徵,與天皇在有形之建制及深層文化中仍具有之道德感召支配力量差別極大。日本
人是島國國民,資源貧乏,土地有限,加上位處四個大陸板塊間之地震帶上,天災頻繁,只能團結在同一核心週圍才有生路,沒有內鬥的本錢;《菊
花與劍》(The Chrysanthemum and the Sword)的作者露絲·潘乃德(Ruth
Benedict)*,對此有深刻體會,將日本文化及民族性形容為矛盾的結合,包括:好戰而祥和、黷武而美好、傲慢而尚禮、呆板而善變、馴服而倔強、忠貞
而叛逆、勇敢而懦弱、保守而喜新。老樸與日本人接觸有限,都是有禮而冷漠,不似西方人熱情直率,一位外國朋友直言比中國人更難了解,即使出
現問題,非到最後關頭,都會極力隱藏,不願啟齒向他人求助,希望自行解決,很多時因而誤事。
中國人在國難當前亦有相似之行為表現,否則早已如其他遠古文明般在地球消失,但在和平時候,爭權奪利欲望便自然滋長,貧富懸殊正是私利追逐過度之現像,內
鬥亦因而激化,往往造成大治與大亂之循環,所以中國人團結時,世上沒有其他外力可以欺負,內鬥時才招惹外侮;日本則不然,對外時日本人總會團結一致,亦沒有誘人資源,歷史上除元朝蒙古人那樣嗜好
征服之國家曾對日本有興趣外,都沒有人會懷有太大欲望統治日本,天災以外,卻往往是因發動外侵遭到反擊而導致之人禍,日本人對上級的服從便成為助長人禍的
因素。
註: *《菊花與劍》(The Chrysanthemum and the Sword),美國人類學家露絲·潘乃德(Ruth Benedict)於第二次世界大戰接近尾聲時受美國政府委託,為解決盟軍是否應該佔領日本以及美國應該如何管理日本的問題,根據文化類型理論、運用文化 人類學方法對即將戰敗的日本進行研究所得出的綜合報告,這本書的主要內容是分析了日本國民的性格。1946年該報告被作者整理成書出版,遂成本書。「菊花 與劍」首度使西方世界認清日本民族最大的特色—雙重性格,包括:好戰而祥和、黷武而美好、傲慢而尚禮、呆板而善變、馴服而倔強、忠貞而叛逆、勇敢而懦弱、 保守而喜新。 Sources: <http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E8%8F%8A%E4%B8%8E%E5%88%80> <http://www.books.com.tw/exep/prod/booksfile.php?item=0010049353> |
2.
評論極端 皆以偏概全
災難發生後,兩岸三地之民眾評論總走向兩個極端,一面是懷著完全拜服且感同身受之心理表達欣賞,傷痛之情有甚於本地同胞,一面
是抱著國仇家恨的心情看待,恨不得日本沉沒、或從此一厥不振,這正是只看到日本人雙重性格其中一面而得出之結論。
天災無情,受害者又豈會都是罪有應得之犯人,幸災樂禍不過是懶人懦夫之阿Q精神,如此硬將個人感情套進大自然現象及受難者身上,既不理性亦無必要,更非君
子所為,中國亦是天災頻繁之國家,難道亦是上天懲罰,天行健,君子以自強不息,與其期求上天保祐卻敵,惹人笑柄,不如埋頭苦幹,發憤圖強,便無人敢欺。老
樸只信有天理和天道,不信有天譴,天助自助者便是天之道,常人所謂之天譴,說到底是人禍,不依天理行事,導致孽報在身,疚由自取,例如商鞅作惡法,結果作
法自斃,世人便以為上天有靈,天如有靈,天災下之死難者,難道皆罪有應得?
3. 施援該量力 好仁不好學 其弊也愚
站在人道立場,超越國界,對天災災民及地區施授手,無可厚非,但該量力而為,亦不該有望報之功利心態,表現出恰當而有體面之風度,否則應了孔子所謂好仁不
好學
其弊也愚之陷阱,亦被憤青怒漢不幸而言中,成了哈日族及漢奸而不自知。歷史不會以同一模式重要覆,卻會悄悄地換一個方式重臨,1923年關東大地震,北洋
軍閥管治下之中國,民不潦生,政府民間,仍以超乎國家財力的援助幫助救災,結果令日本軍國政府獲得更多資源擴充軍備,幾年後便展開全面侵華的軍事行動,關
東軍更是最兇狠之部隊,希望愈大,失望愈大,當年參與捐獻人士,如果有望報之心,或視援助為賄賂,除非早已心存背叛列祖列宗之心,事後必然更加痛苦。
以九七年之經濟危機為例,供應商要求預支款項,客戶要求信用額,內部商議時,只向各同事提出忠告,如此放出之款項,應視作已出之物,不要旨望收回,
如果真是人情難卻,一定要量力而為,以不犯本危害公司生存為前提,果然舊債未清,又已是科網爆破,大部份之款項最終無法收回,其中有否存心欺騙已無關重
要,關健是不至令自身不保。
國家間之援助何嘗不是如此,將捐助間接轉為製造攻擊捐助國之武器,又何只二十世紀初
之日本,當日本當政者仍不似德國般衷心承認二戰罪行,仍將戰犯供
奉入靖國神社視作國家功臣英雄拜祭,仍然佔領從前以不義戰爭攻佔之土地或聲稱擁有主權,仍然不斷反告從前被侵略國家威脅他們的安全,仍然反覆告訴世人他們
是二戰受害人而非加害人,這種種今日行為,便只有天真無知之年青人才以為今日世界不會再有不義之戰。更不要自我欺騙說這不過是一小撮政客的個別言論,如果
他們的體制已充份反映民意,那政府的意志便是大多數人的意志,否則只說明體制並未改變深層文化,大多數人的意志仍然無條件地服膺少數領導人的意志,從克己
自律有序之行為表現看來,有多少人願意站出來表達與高層權威不同之意見是一個極大之疑問,無論是前者或後者,都仍然對週邊地區構成威脅,一切都是利益和
強權的問題,有如白人殖民新大陸時,自稱為文明人,將原住民貶抑為野蠻人,便心安理得地驅趕屠殺,佔領土地,將文明人之野蠻行為合理化,將「野蠻人」之合
理維權行為醜化,所以將利益矛盾連上政治體制或及意識形態,不過用來將一些不公義之行為美化,同時將另一些公義之行為醜化,國際關係如是,社會矛盾亦如
是,行為言論不以本質定性,卻是因人而異,那能理性客觀找到解決辦法。
註: 1. 梅菲定律(Murphy's Law): Murphy's law is an adage or epigram that is typically stated as: "Anything that can go wrong, will go wrong" (source: wikipedia). Ref: 2. According to the information from USGS (United States Geological Survey), the centre of earthquake was 177km (1098 miles) ENE of Fukushima. The magnitude of shock decreased in disproportion to the distance from the centre as shown in the following maps by USGS. Earthquake Details
<http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2011/usc0001xgp/>
<http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=2727&from=rss_home> <http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/Tohoku2011.pdf> Source: <http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2011/usc0001xgp/#maps> Source: <http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/poster/2011/20110311.php> |
-28/3/2011
6.
人禍甚於天災,中國自知而不能自拔
惟綜觀華夏五千年歷史,天災固然同樣並無擇惡而懲,卻非國破家亡之主因,主要威脅是來自人禍,故對人倫有深刻探討。人禍包括外敵及內奸,又以內奸引至之災
難尤其深遠廣泛,正如前述,如無內奸,則少有外敵能征服中國,而每次災變,幾無例外源自權貴謀私,致互相傾輒大動干戈,或致民怨積聚而起義,外力乘虛介
入,例如漢末八王之亂,皇族中人竟當帶路黨,借外力奪權,幾至令漢人減族,宋朝皇室抱偏安心態及大臣權爭,功臣良將被害,國家失去支柱,先後遭金人及蒙古
人入侵及征服,漢族再險遭滅頂,好不容易才推翻蒙古人統治,建立明朝,恢復漢人治漢的政權,工商業及科技仍足以領先世界,但又重蹈內鬥覆轍,皇族、土大夫
及宦官各自為爭權奪利鬥得不亦樂乎,最後天災引發民變,一發不可收拾,吳三桂做了明末之帶路黨,引清兵平亂,建立以小數族裔利益作權力及財富分配準則的清
朝政府,即使改奉中華文化為正統,仍無法人盡其才、物盡其用、貨暢其流,表面上疆土比明朝更遼闊,實際外強中乾,產業技術及社會結構停滯不前甚至比前朝落
後,不進則退,三百年就此白白過去,成為老病帝國,差點被列強瓜分,成了外國戰船軍隊隨時可以進出之半殖民地,有如今日中東及北菲。
7. 先有成見之肯定或否定皆為虛妄
對日本管理及技術過份信任,不光是日本人自己,其他地區的人士亦抱同樣心態,特別是香港的年青人,與日本之經濟及製品一起成長,心目中,日本製造是品質保
證,但年長一點該記得五十及六十年代的商品市場中,日本貨品是品質低劣之代名詞,耐用程度及質素甚至不如國產貨品,六十年代半導體工業及相關行業興起,在
美國刻意扶植下,早年又沒有龐大軍費開支,日本經濟得以起飛,三十年間,成功建立先進科技之工業強國形象,雖然八十年代末期再遭美國強迫將日元升值,結束
所謂日本不敗之神話。但本地有好幾代人受日本文化之影響,是除台灣以外最深
之地區,踏入廿一世紀仍未減退,台灣曾受日本佔領達百年之久,部份人仍以日本人自居,也許跟部份港人仍以英人自居心態一般,同樣是以為日本人及英國人之身
份或行為模式代表優越,較其他華人高級,跟真正入藉他國卻反而不忘族裔身份之老華僑,形成強烈反差,更不要說如魯迅及孫中山,雖受日本及英
國教育,對國人行為思想亦有深刻批判,卻是責之切、愛之深,從未以日人或英人自居,終生以復興中華為己任,高下如何判別立見。
註: 1. Noel Joseph Terence Montgomery Needham, CH, FRS, FBA (9 December 1900 – 24 March 1995), also known as Li Yuese (simplified Chinese: 李约瑟; traditional Chinese: 李約瑟; pinyin: Lǐ Yuēsè: Wade-Giles: Li Yüeh-Sê), was a British scientist, historian and sinologist known for his scientific research and writing on the history of Chinese science. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1941,[1] and as a fellow of the British Academy in 1971.[2] In 1992, the Queen conferred on him the Companionship of Honour and the Royal Society noted he was the only living person to hold these three titles. 2. Science and Civilisation in China (1954–2008) is a series of books initiated and edited by British biochemist and China scholar Joseph Needham (1900–1995). They deal with the history of science and technology in China. To date there have been 27 volumes (and parts). The series was on the Modern Library Board's 100 Best Nonfiction books of the 20th century |
-31/3/2011
8.
神話由難以置信而生 亦從難以置信而滅
只是成也蕭何敗亦蕭何,日本人之自信又再次誤事,日本迷失三十年可以歸咎美國壓力,非戰之罪,日本生產管理之不敗神話,仍深入人心,一時間不能消除,神話
往往是無人相信時建立,又往往是無人相信下幻滅。盲目而無條件的相信便是成見,往往帶來更大之失望。以今次事件為例,事前無人相信日本大部份採用之反應
堆,包括一些較新建造之核電站,竟是較落後且安全程度較差之沸水堆(BWR)技術(1),以地處活躍地震帶之日本而言,理應盡可能用安全度最高之技術,可
能的
話,根本不應採用核技術,更令人難以置信是福島三號反應堆剛巧是全日本第一個採用鈾鈽混合燃料(MOX fuel, Mixed oxide
fuel)(2)之
反應堆,由於消息最初似是來自內地網上論壇,本地不少人也有不可置信之成見,老樸自小被各式人等之謊言欺騙,已不輕易肯定或否定一面之辭,特別是政客,企
業高層,專業公關等之說話,唯有多方印證,在維基百科、國際原子能機構及歐美資訊網站,皆有頗一致之描述,更發現世界上能再處理MOX
鈾鈽混合燃料之國家除美英法蘇外,竟然是安理會常任理事國以外之日本(3),美國根本禁止商業運用鈾鈽混合燃料,原因是plutonium毒性極強,不易
控制,而且是做核彈原料,即使不加以提純亦可作骯髒彈(4),為防止核擴散(nuclear
proliferation)(5),須得批准然後方可運用於電廠反應堆,老樸對核子科技不甚了了,如果單以客觀條件及常理衡量,實在難以理解曾受兩枚核
彈修理過之日本,在有選擇情況下竟自我引入一種如此危險之核燃料,
現在三號反應堆核心首先熔解,印證鈾鈽混合燃料危險之說,有本地大學核子專家答記者,謂既然燃料用於發電即代表並非用以製作核子武器,邏輯混亂令人愕然,
如果屬實,何以西方國家對伊朗及朝鮮核電廠如此緊張,試想想如果有人家中一切設備皆極為現代化,卻棄煤氣、石油氣或電力不用,在家中積存大量燃油,堅持用
古舊之爐具生火燒水煮食,該如何理解。
註: Power reactors operating in Japan
In 2006 NISA ordered Hamaoka 5 and Shika 2 to be shut down due to problems with steam turbine blades. They were then restarted at lower power levels - 1212 and 1108 MWe net respectively. When the turbines are repaired, they will revert to the above net power levels. Japanese reactors
under construction
* Latest announced commercial operation. Japanese reactors planned
* according to METI FY2010 plan, unless updated by company. Tsuruga 3-4 schedule has slipped by 16 months.
Tsuruga
3-4 and Tepco's Higashidori 1 are undergoing final safety assessment by
regulatory authorities.
Other Ref: 2. MOX fuel loaded into Tokyo Electric's old Fukushima reactor: Tokyo Electric Power Co loaded plutonium-uranium mixed oxide fuel Saturday into a reactor at its nuclear power plant in Fukushima Prefecture in preparation for the largest Japanese utility’s first plutonium-thermal power generation. The No. 3 reactor at the Fukushima No. 1 plant would be the third in Japan to be used for the so-called pluthermal generation, but the only one among the three to have been subjected to antiaging treatment with 34 years since its launch. Pluthermal output has already begun at the No. 3 reactor of Kyushu Electric Power Co’s Genkai plant in Saga Prefecture and the No. 3 reactor of Shikoku Electric Power Co’s Ikata plant in Ehime Prefecture. (Japan Today, Sunday 22nd August, 05:36 AM JST) Source:
<http://www.japantoday.com/category/technology/view/mox-fuel-loaded-into-tokyo-electrics-old-
3.
MOX
& Production: Mixed
oxide fuel, commonly referred to as MOX fuel, is nuclear
fuel that contains more than
one oxide of fissile material.
MOX fuel contains plutonium blended with natural
uranium, reprocessed uranium, or depleted uranium. MOX fuel
is an alternative to the low-enriched uranium (LEU) fuel
used in the light water reactors that
predominate nuclear
power generation. For example, a mixture of 7% plutonium and 93%
uranium reacts similarly, although not identically, to LEU fuel.One
attraction of
MOX fuel is that it is a way of utilizing
surplus weapons-grade plutonium, which would otherwise be
stored as nuclear waste and might be stolen to make nuclear
weapons. On the other hand, some fear that normalising the global
commercial use of MOX fuel and the associated expansion of nuclear
reprocessing will increase, rather than reduce, the risk
of nuclear proliferation. Two plants currently produce commercial quantities of MOX fuel – in France and UK. In 2006 a 40 t/yr Belgian plant closed3and in April 2007 the French Melox plant was licensed for an increase in production from 145 to 195 t/yr. Also the Sellafield MOX Plant in UK was downrated from 128 to 40 t/yr, although the plant has to date not been able to achieve anything close to its capacity. Japan is planning to start up a 130 t/yr J-MOX plant at Rokkasho in 2015. Meanwhile, construction on a MOX fabrication facility at the Savannah River Site in the USA is underway – World mixed oxide fuel fabrication
capacities (t/yr)
Source: <http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf29.html> Two plants currently produce commercial quantities of MOX fuel - in France and UK. In 2005, about 200 tonnes of MOX was produced, incorporating 12-14 tonnes of plutonium. MOX production capacity is presently around 225t/yr, using 15-18 tonnes of plutonium. Since 1963 over 400 tonnes of plutonium has been used in MOX. World Mixed Oxide Fuel Fabrication
Capacities for LWR (t/yr)
In 2006 a 40 t/yr Belgian plant closed and in April 2007 the French Melox plant was licensed for an increase in production from 145 to 195 t/yr. Also the Sellafield MOX plant in UK was downrated from 128 to 40 t/yr. Japan is planning to start up a 130 t/yr MOX plant at Rokkasho in 2012.. Source: <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Mixed_oxide_fuel_(MOX)> Other Ref: http://www.world-nuclear.org/ http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/mox-bg.html 4. MOX and disposal of of weapons plutonium : Under the Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement, Russia and the USA agreed in 2000 to each dispose of (or immobilise) 34 tonnes of weapons-grade plutonium deemed surplus to requirements (see page on Military Warheads as a Source of Nuclear Fuel). The Mixed Oxide Fuel Fabrication Facility (MFFF) at the Savannah River Site in the US state of South Carolina began construction in August 2007 and will convert the US plutonium to MOX fuel... in November 2007 the USA and Russia agreed that Russia would dispose of its 34 t of weapons-grade plutonium by conversion to MOX fuel, which would be burned in the BN-600 reactor at the Beloyarsk nuclear plant, and in the BN-800 under construction at the same site.... Source:
<http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf29.html> 5. Nuclear proliferation: Nuclear proliferation is a term now used to describe the spread of nuclear weapons, fissile material, and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information, to nations which are not recognized as "Nuclear Weapon States" by the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons, also known as the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty or NPT. Source: 6. “Japan must develop nuclear weapons”: Tokyo's outspoken Governor says his country, which suffered history's only nuclear attack, should build nuclear weapons to counter the threat from fast-rising China. In an interview with The Independent, Shintaro Ishihara said Japan could develop nuclear weapons within a year and send a strong message to the world. (By David McNeill in Tokyo, The Independent, Tuesday, 8 March 2011) Source: 7. Tokyo Governor Says Tsunami is Divine Punishment: Tokyo governor Shintaro Ishihara has told the press he believes the magnitude 9.0 earthquake that hit Japan on Friday was a form of divine punishment: “The identity of the Japanese people is selfishness. The Japanese people must take advantage of this tsunami as means of washing away their selfish greed. I really do think this is divine punishment.” Ishihara was contrasting the “selfishness and greed” that he perceived in Japan with the identity of the United States with “liberty” and the identity of France with “liberty, philanthropy, and equality. Source: http://www.japanprobe.com/2011/03/15/tokyo-governor-earthquake-was-divine-punishment-ishihara_damare/ http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/japan-earthquake-tsunami-divine-retribution-natural-disaster-religious/story?id=13167670 http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/the-japan-earthquake-and-punishment-from-god/ http://evolutionarychristianity.com/blog/general/tokyo-governor-says-tsunami-is-divine-punishment%E2%80%94religious-groups-ignore-him/ |
6/4/2011
9.
只看表像難知真相
日本民眾初期反應表面令人印象深刻,但當政府善後工作進度緩慢,搶購物資及罪案同樣出現,這是人類社會正常現象,不必大驚小怪視作詆毀,否則日本早已不必
設置警察及監獄,只有太傻太天真之人士才會憑表像將一些事物美化、神化、理想化和偶像化;民眾整體上表現和美國911受襲後相若,但較風災時為佳。可是日
本人之井然有序,究竟是建基於傅統權力金字塔社會的慣性服從(habitual
obedience)還是西方社會重視個人價值而強調之理性自覺(self-consciousness),相信在更多從前不為外人得知之內情曝光後便可
得知,一些本地人士只看表像即讚嘆不已是早了一點,非西方人與西方人有不同價值觀念是活生生之事實,現時源自希臘羅馬結合基督教的文明,不過是眾多光輝燦
爛文明之一,直至工業革命後始儼如成為主導世界發展方向之普世價值,但中東伊斯蘭文明從不相信,東方之一部份地區被殖民化或半殖民地化後有好一部份人相
信,惟實踐起來,始終擺脫不了傳統的一套價值觀念;日本人震災後之井然有序跟美國911遇襲後之井然有序,深層因素根本是南軒北轍,美國戰後托管日本時,
改革當時之軍國主義政府,斫掉了原來日本社會的正規權力結構組織(formal social organization of
authority),但卻無法改變非正規之傳統權力結構組織(informal social organization of
authority),如果欣賞這種秩序,是否即等同欣賞背後之輩份尊卑等級分明之文化(hierarchy of
seniority)及由此衍生之高度服從之品格,一個個人行為處處受無形
傳統形成之潛規則制約,諸如鞠躬彎腰點頭也要按對方輩份及事件而有所不同之社會,又豈是擁抱西方平權公義價值觀念之人士所熱切追求之目標,活在那裡,恐怕
批判抗爭還來不及。